When Were the Underground Cities of Cappadocia Discovered?
History and Unknown Facts
Cappadocia is famous not only for its fairy chimneys and hot air balloons but also for its breathtaking underground cities. These underground cities, which have maintained their mystery for centuries, are among the most intriguing structures for both history enthusiasts and tourists visiting Cappadocia. So when were the underground cities of Cappadocia discovered, who used them, and why were they built?
In this article, we meticulously explore all the curiosities about the underground cities of Cappadocia.
When Were the Underground Cities of Cappadocia Discovered?
The modern discovery of the underground cities in Cappadocia dates back to 1963. In the Derinkuyu district of Nevşehir, a homeowner noticed a hidden passage while renovating the basement of his house. This passage opened up to what is now known as the Derinkuyu Underground City, one of the largest underground cities in the world.
After this discovery, archaeological studies in the region accelerated, and today over 200 underground cities have been identified in Cappadocia. Approximately 30-40 of these are considered large settlement areas.
Who Built the Underground Cities of Cappadocia?
It is believed that the foundations of the underground cities were first laid by the Phrygians in the 8th century BC. However, the actual expansion and systematic use occurred during the Roman and Byzantine periods.
Especially in the Byzantine period:
- To protect against Arab raids
- To escape religious oppression
- To withstand long sieges
the underground cities were actively used.
Why Were the Underground Cities Built?
The volcanic structure of Cappadocia has allowed the tuff rocks to be easily carved. This natural advantage enabled the formation of underground settlements for defensive purposes.
The reasons for the construction of underground cities include:
- Protection from enemy attacks
- Creation of long-term hidden living areas
- Storage of food and water
- Safe housing for animals
Some underground cities descend up to 8 levels and are designed to accommodate thousands of people for months.
The Most Famous Underground Cities of Cappadocia
Derinkuyu Underground City
- The deepest underground city in Cappadocia
- Approximately 85 meters deep
- Capable of hosting 20,000 people at the same time
Kaymaklı Underground City
- The underground city with the largest spread area
- Daily living spaces are more evident
- Stables, kitchens, and living rooms stand out
Özkonak, Mazı, and Tatlarin
- Less well-known but architecturally impressive
- Open to tourist visits
What’s Inside the Underground Cities?
The underground cities of Cappadocia are not just comprised of tunnels. Inside, there are:
- Ventilation shafts
- Churches and chapels
- Wine production areas
- Water wells
- Food storage rooms
- Massive stone doors (with sliding systems). All these structures have been planned for long-term living.
Can the Underground Cities of Cappadocia Be Visited Today?
Yes. Many of the underground cities in Cappadocia are currently open to tourism. They can be visited with guided tours and are among the essential stops in Cappadocia tours.
Especially:
- Cappadocia cultural tours
- Daily Cappadocia excursions
- Private guided historical tours typically include the underground cities in their programs.
Conclusion: Why Are the Underground Cities of Cappadocia Unique?
The underground cities of Cappadocia are among the most impressive examples of humanity's survival, defense, and adaptability. Despite being discovered in 1963, these structures date back thousands of years and are among the primary elements that make Cappadocia unique on a global scale.
If you find yourself in Cappadocia, you won't truly discover this unique geography without exploring underground.
